News Values

C - Continuity: Stories that are already in the news continue to run and are updated  

U - Unambiguous : Stories that are easy to understand and for papers to report on

P - Proximity: Stories that are closer to home are more likely to be included 

P - Personalisation: Stories that include human interest- 'real' people 

T - Threshold: The bigger the impact and reach of the story 

U - Unexpectedness- an event that is a shock or out of the ordinary

N - Negativity- Bad news is more interesting 'if it bleeds, it leads' 

E - Elite: Stories about important people and powerful nations. 

News Revision

Masthead- The newspaper's name, often in traditional Gothic lettering. It may not have changed forma many years so it's the easiest way to identify a newspaper. An important part of branding- semantic codes of the name can be identified 

Slogan- A 'catchphrase' summing up the newspaper's philosophy or unique selling point

'Puffs' or 'blurbs- Colour bands that aim to attract readers to additional stories inside- usually more light hearted to broaden the audience. 

Headlines- The largest typeface on the page for the most important stories. Popular newspaper employ colloquialism and puns with quality newspapers being more formal. 

Strapline- in smaller typeface, above or below headline that explain more about the story. 

Standfirst- Block of text that introduces the story and offers initial content 

By-line- Journalist's name & details, often includes a photo 

standalone- A picture story used on the cover to offer visual engagement 

Central image- Usually a dramatic picture filling most of the cover, anchorage text/caption usually close by to offer context. 

News in brief (NIB)/ side bars smaller facts or articles in a list/ column positioned at the side or bottom of the paper. 

Pull Quotes- Interesting quotes from the article extracted and written in larger font to make it stand out 

Jump line- Follows the teaser headline on the front page encouraging readers to buy and read on. 

Adverts- Newspaper may included adverts and offer on the cover- depending on the type- which will appeal to the audience. 

White space- Area on the newspaper that has no text, image or advert is left blank 

Margin and gutters- lines to prevent text overlapping, newspaper have clear set areas of text and image, title. 

Frames- Shapes outlining the parts of text such as stories or columns to make them visually separate. 

Columns- Newspapers always use columns when producing covers- its is the conventional layout 

Serif Font-Italic style font (Curved) 
Sans serif Font- Plain font type (not curved) 

How to answer an exam question

• Point
• Example from scene
• Explore 
• Camera 
• Editing 
• Mise en scene 
• Sound 
• Refocus on question 

REPEAT !

Explore the way that different groups of people are represented in Stranger things and D83

In ST we see countertypical representation of women (especially considering the 1980's setting) in that we see empowered, aggressive women. We see the social worker murder Benny, Eleven kills two men, and although Nancy inst aggressive , she does control the scene with her and Steve. It is an interesting subversion of stereotypes - the 1980's setting leads us to expect submissive, powerless women, but the 21st century construction transfers modern ideologies and values and empowers women. When we first meet the social worker, we view her from a high angle shot, from the point of view of Benny. This reinforces the patriarchal hegemony which tricks us into thinking that she is a typical submissive women. How ever, when she shoots Benny, she is elevated onto an equal level with the other government officials, and is even empowered through a low angle shot. This reinforced by the editing- the screen time she is given compared to the (silent and nameless) male officials is significantly greater, therefore empowering her. This shocks the audience, which is important for narrative, but the Duffer Brothers are also trying to highlight the everyday sexism in society- even though we are a modern audience, we fell into the trap of putting sexist assumptions onto the scene. 

Stranger Things Essay

In the first episode of Stranger things series 1 there are many social groups which are represented in many different ways, for instance, age is one of the main things in the entire series. But in series 1 episode 1 we first see age represented when the young group of boys are playing dungeons and dragons, this first shows that young teenagers are still childish keep wanting to play games.

When the boys are each at their houses talking over the walkie talkies age is represented well because instead of the boys doing nothing and carrying on with their lives and not entirely worrying and wanting to doing something shows real maturity within their group. In this scene there is a focus on childlike innocence with the continual use of walkie talkies instead of using a standard telephone because it was past their bedtime and they’re not allowed to be using the phone. Also to show age when the boys left their houses to go meet up and search for will, them going out at night time was a large stereotype for teenagers but a countertype for these boys themselves because they are nerds who do what they are told and listen to orders, this conveys the theme of rebelliousness. 

In this scene gender is also represented because the 3 boys, Mike, Lucas and Dustin are nerds which wouldn’t usually be out of their house and their element but because of how the show wants to show the boys as countertypes who don’t follow all the rules when their needs need to be met. Gender is also shown when the mike is leaving his house and see’s Steve trying to climb into Nancy’s room, this shows the difference with what the boys are looking for in the show; Mike looking for his friend and Steve going to a girl’s house. Mike then proceeds to put his bike away from the house with a look of disappointment on his face. This is to show that not all boys are childish and that some of them shows signs of maturity, unlike what Steve is showing while he tries to climb onto Nancy’s roof.

Gender is also represented in the next scene with Steve and Nancy, where it is show the difference with the older teenagers. The girl wanting to revise and do her study notes while the boy has he own personal wants. This represents older men in the show to be a lot more forward towards women who may want to do other things which is what it was like in the 80’s between men and women and the problems which were there. However, this is shown as a sign of immaturity because of how the older parents and men are in the show with them not being like this at all, still be respectful towards women and having knowledge of how needed they are instead of them just being objects which people in the 80’s would have seen them as.

Stranger Things Todorov Link

Todorov: Equilibrium Theory

Traditional narratives follow a 3 part structure of beginning middle end which unfolds in a narrative arch of 4 phases.
1- Exposition
2- Introduction of conflict
3- Climax
4- Resolution

Equilibrium which Changed  :
Bennie (Dead)
The man in the elevator (Dead)
Joyce (lost her son)
Will (lost or is possibly dead)
The Younger teenagers (Lost a friend)
11 (experiencing a new world)
Johnathon (lost his brother)
Nancy (Starts to get to know Steve)

Equilibrium which didn't change:
Hopper
Barbra

Stranger Things Representation Terms, Themes & Social groups

Terms: 
Dominant ideology
Sign/ signified/denotation
connotation
constructed
realism
paranormal elements
family life
suburbia
self reflexive

Social Groups: 
Age
gender
class and social status
ethnicity
sexuality
regional identity
life style
political values
professional 

Themes: 
Isolation
Darkness
light
fear 'the monster'
social groups
events
the issue

Narrative Structure

Linear narrative:
- These have a clear beginning, middle and end
- They follow a chronological time frame
- Action A leads to action B leads to action C

Fragmented narrative:
- Fragmented are also called non-linear. Disrupted or disjointed narrative
-No clear beginning middle and end
-Events or actions might not be shown out of chronological order and not in the order which would naturally occur.
- it is a narrative technique that can help to show parallel stories, a story within a story, dreams and so on within the same episode
- They are seen to closely replicate the way the human mind works

Restricted narrative: 
- We experienced the story through the sense and thoughts of just one character
-this is almost always the main character

Omni present narrative: 
- A panoramic, all seeing view of the world of the story not just one characters point of view.
- Helps the audience see a broader background to the story from a number of contexts

Open ending: 
-When an episode, or season ends on a cliff hanger
- in films open endings can be unsatisfying
- open ending encourage the viewer to continue watching.